Earth’s History — credits and licenses

Every dataset below was downloaded by the pipeline in tools/ from a pinned source and checked
against its sha256; the retrieval date is 2026-09-30. Licenses are quoted from the files and record
pages kept in tools/credits/. The maps, plate model and elevation grids are C. R. Scotese’s; the
climate fields are a climate model’s; every change this app made is listed under Adaptations.
Nothing is fetched at run time.


PALEOMAP PALEOATLAS FOR GPLATES V3: PALEOGEOGRAPHIC MAPS AND PLATE MODEL
Owner: C. R. Scotese, PALEOMAP Project
Source: Scotese_PaleoAtlas_v3.zip (sha256
7bf15709970645465df17542e20f9e2e9ed01d20797f38513ed83621e4ace2a0), Zenodo record 5460860
(doi:10.5281/zenodo.5460860): the 90 JPEG maps in "PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas Rasters v3", each 3600 x 1800
px, equirectangular; ages from Table 1 of the PDF in the same zip. Scotese_PaleoAtlas_v3.zip (sha256
7bf15709970645465df17542e20f9e2e9ed01d20797f38513ed83621e4ace2a0): "PALEOMAP_PlateModel.rot" (sha256
d56846bb3c6260805d088171066bc18e9d54e831892b660fd31315260e288022; PALEOMAP Plate Model m15g60_v2d3
(Scotese 2016)) and "PALEOMAP_PlatePolygons.gpml" (sha256
4925c064a415cfa6e7fd3f5e0682585baa9908f01bee9e053ca5dea0b0dc57ca), read with pygplates 1.0.0.
URL: https://zenodo.org/api/records/5460860/files/Scotese_PaleoAtlas_v3.zip/content
License: CC BY 4.0
License URI: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License text: This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a
letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.
Retrieved: 2026-09-30
Adaptations: Maps: resized from 3600 x 1800 to 1024 x 512 (Lanczos) and re-encoded as WebP quality
65; a 256 x 128 preview of each, combined into one sheet at quality 70. No colors or content
changed. Plate model: the 503 polygon outlines stored at their 0 Ma positions with coordinates
rounded to 16 bits; the rotation of each of the 241 plates at each map's time and one million years
earlier, as 16-bit quaternions; the 2 line features in the polygon file left out.
Accuracy: A painted reconstruction by one author: one interpretation among several. Map ages are
Scotese's Table 1 ages on the 2008 timescale his atlas uses. Rotations reproduce pygplates within
0.36 km after 16-bit rounding. Rotations are one model's reconstruction; beyond each plate's last
pole the rotation file holds the pole constant.
Cite: Scotese, C.R., 2016. PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for GPlates and the PaleoData Plotter Program,
PALEOMAP Project. Via Scotese, C.R. & Wright, N.M., 2018, Zenodo, doi:10.5281/zenodo.5460860.
Attribution: PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for GPlates v3: paleogeographic maps and plate model, by C. R.
Scotese, PALEOMAP Project. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
This app resized and recompressed the maps; rotated outlines, coastlines, cities and pins with the
plate model, rounded to 16 bits.

PALEOMAP PALEODIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS (PALEODEMS), 1 DEGREE
Owner: C. R. Scotese & N. M. Wright, PALEOMAP Project
Source: Scotese_Wright_2018_Maps_1-88_1degX1deg_PaleoDEMS_nc.zip (sha256
7014767a168c28d3762f55117ebafcd0f6b6b90029a495e2d14fd23f94abc16d), Zenodo record 5460860: the 109
NetCDF grids, keyed by the Plate Model Age in the zip's interval CSV. The accompanying report
Scotese_Wright2018_PALEOMAP_PaleoDEMs.pdf (sha256
8a5fca14f9860d148427a56cec241b4fc5b4108ff91bb867e8b68bde1392edac, same record) was read for the
method and for its statement that the grids are a "first draft" (p. 7); nothing of it ships.
URL:
https://zenodo.org/api/records/5460860/files/Scotese_Wright_2018_Maps_1-88_1degX1deg_PaleoDEMS_nc.zip/content
; https://zenodo.org/api/records/5460860/files/Scotese_Wright2018_PALEOMAP_PaleoDEMs.pdf/content
License: CC BY 4.0
License URI: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License text: This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a
letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.
Retrieved: 2026-09-30
Adaptations: Elevation classes: Every second node of each 1-degree grid (a 2-degree grid) sorted
into the ten elevation classes of Scotese's Table 2 (after Ziegler et al. 1985) and stored as one
byte per node; the elevations themselves are not shipped. Land and shallow-sea area: Land (above 0
m) and shallow sea (0 to 200 m deep) as shares of the globe, weighted by the cosine of latitude, one
value per grid.
Accuracy: The readout names the class of the nearest 2-degree node, which can be up to about 1.4
degrees of arc from the point tapped. The authors call these elevation models a first draft.
Cite: Scotese, C.R. & Wright, N.M., 2018. PALEOMAP Paleodigital Elevation Models (PaleoDEMS) for the
Phanerozoic. Zenodo, doi:10.5281/zenodo.5460860. CC BY 4.0. Classes from Table 2 of Scotese, C.R.,
2016, PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for GPlates and the PaleoData Plotter Program, PALEOMAP Project.
Attribution: PALEOMAP Paleodigital Elevation Models (PaleoDEMs), 1 degree, by C. R. Scotese & N. M.
Wright, PALEOMAP Project. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
This app computed land and shallow-sea shares from the elevation grids and sorted every second grid
point into Scotese’s elevation classes.

PHANDA HADCM3L MODEL PRIORS, SUITE SCOTESE_07
Owner: E. J. Judd, J. E. Tierney, D. J. Lunt, I. P. Montanez, B. T. Huber, S. L. Wing & P. J.
Valdes; simulations by the BRIDGE group, University of Bristol
Source: ExperimentInfo.xlsx (sha256
21866d6c30f930796cc3ee5ab25891847436859548d05865c037f521c8dd0f51), scotese_07_tas.zip (sha256
f28c137c47dac9bdff4315947453c89c96bd2df709c2607f806a2524e0a15983) and scotese_07_pr.zip (sha256
63fe79de34814b0a73697be6ab2d861560182e9b936d0d04ac274c6ae163980f), Zenodo record 8237751
(doi:10.5281/zenodo.8237751): the fields temp_mm_1_5m and precip_mm_srf of experiments 1-109, five
20-year monthly climatologies each. ExperimentInfo.xlsx (sha256
21866d6c30f930796cc3ee5ab25891847436859548d05865c037f521c8dd0f51): columns P-Q (scotese_07 PUMA ID
and CO2); global means from data/climate.json.
URL: https://zenodo.org/records/8237751
License: CC BY 4.0
License URI: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License text: Zenodo record 8237751: license cc-by-4.0 (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International).
Retrieved: 2026-09-30
Adaptations: Climate fields: Averaged over the 12 months and the five 20-year means into annual
means; temperature converted from kelvin to degrees Celsius and precipitation from kg m-2 s-1 to
mm/day; each value rounded to one byte (temperature in steps of 0.5 C, rain on a square-root scale);
area-weighted global means computed. Curves: Global mean temperature and the CO2 input interpolated
linearly between the 5-million-year runs.
Accuracy: A climate model, not measurements: one HadCM3L run per 5 million years on Scotese's
reconstructed geography, forced with a CO2 history. Byte rounding changes values by at most 0.25 C
and 0.060 mm/day. Model output and a model input, not measurements.
Cite: Judd, E.J., Tierney, J.E., Lunt, D.J., Montanez, I.P., Huber, B.T., Wing, S.L. & Valdes, P.J.,
2023. PhanDA HadCM3L Model Priors (suite scotese_07). Zenodo, doi:10.5281/zenodo.8237751. CC BY 4.0.
Simulations by the BRIDGE group, University of Bristol. The simulations are described in Valdes,
P.J., Scotese, C.R. & Lunt, D.J., 2021. Deep ocean temperatures through time. Climate of the Past
17, 1483-1506, doi:10.5194/cp-17-1483-2021 (title, authors and pages from Crossref).
Attribution: PhanDA HadCM3L model priors, suite scotese_07, by E. J. Judd, J. E. Tierney, D. J.
Lunt, I. P. Montanez, B. T. Huber, S. L. Wing & P. J. Valdes; simulations by the BRIDGE group,
University of Bristol. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This
app averaged the model output into annual means, converted units and rounded each value to one byte.

CO2 OVER THE LAST 420 MILLION YEARS (LOESS FIT)
Owner: G. L. Foster, D. L. Royer & D. J. Lunt
Source: foster2017_supplementary_data_2.xlsx (sha256
84df255974cb77c95d298d324fb281fe2ac40a0696ea92598985816e7095c74c): Supplementary Data 2, sheet
"LOESS Fit", 840 rows, 0.0039-419.5039 Ma every 0.5 Myr.
URL:
https://media.springernature.com/original/springer-static/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fncomms14845/MediaObjects/41467_2017_BFncomms14845_MOESM2875_ESM.xlsx
License: CC BY 4.0
License URI: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License text: "This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License." (Nature Communications article page, Rights and permissions)
Retrieved: 2026-09-30
Adaptations: Resampled by linear interpolation to whole millions of years; the lower edge of the 68
% band clipped at 0 ppm (0 rows needed it); the 95 % band left out because its lower edge is
negative in 124 rows (247.004-419.504 Ma).
Accuracy: A statistical fit through proxy measurements; the 68 % band is its stated uncertainty.
Coverage ends at 419.5 million years ago.
Cite: Foster, G.L., Royer, D.L. & Lunt, D.J., 2017. Future climate forcing potentially without
precedent in the last 420 million years. Nature Communications 8, 14845, doi:10.1038/ncomms14845.
Supplementary Data 2 (LOESS fit). CC BY 4.0.
Attribution: CO2 over the last 420 million years (LOESS fit), by G. L. Foster, D. L. Royer & D. J.
Lunt. © The Author(s) 2017. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
This app resampled the fit to whole millions of years and left out the 95% band.

PHANEROZOIC GLOBAL MEAN SEA LEVEL
Owner: D. G. van der Meer, C. R. Scotese, B. J. W. Mills, A. Sluijs, A.-P. van den Berg van Saparoea
& R. M. B. van de Weg
Source: vandermeer2022_mmc1.xlsx (sha256
800b34928378ae902426fc16ef002debfc064465f8ac663cbeeb7bd0c77c074f): sheet "SuppTable", column group
Fig10, TGE_SL_isocorr_m AVG / MIN / MAX, 0-540 Ma every 1 Myr.
URL: https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1342937X22002192-mmc1.xlsx
License: CC BY 4.0
License URI: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License text: "This is an open access article under the CC BY license." (the article's license
statement; the supplement carries none of its own, and Elsevier gives an open access article's
supplementary files the article's license)
Retrieved: 2026-09-30
Adaptations: Values used as published, rounded to the millimeter; interpolated to map ages.
Accuracy: A reconstruction from strontium isotope variations and estimates of continental glaciation
(the paper's title). MIN and MAX are the supplement's columns as labeled; they are not ordered at
[1] Ma, and AVG lies outside them at [1, 2, 3, 444, 445] Ma.
Cite: van der Meer, D.G., Scotese, C.R., Mills, B.J.W., Sluijs, A., van den Berg van Saparoea, A.-P.
& van de Weg, R.M.B., 2022. Long-term Phanerozoic global mean sea level: Insights from strontium
isotope variations and estimates of continental glaciation. Gondwana Research 111, 103-121,
doi:10.1016/j.gr.2022.07.014. Supplementary table (mmc1). CC BY 4.0.
Attribution: Phanerozoic global mean sea level, by D. G. van der Meer, C. R. Scotese, B. J. W.
Mills, A. Sluijs, A.-P. van den Berg van Saparoea & R. M. B. van de Weg. © 2022 The Authors,
published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of the International Association for Gondwana Research.
Licensed under CC BY 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This app rounded the
published values to the millimeter and interpolated them to the map ages.

INTERNATIONAL CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC CHART (DATA)
Owner: International Commission on Stratigraphy
Source: ics_chart.ttl (sha256 8548707d66c383460b3bddc20afb7070cb5f3ea187ea1262418dc3a6f2d6e9f7),
chart.ttl at commit 81618a865cdb04998355a302f3e859908a080c0e of github.com/i-c-stratigraphy/chart
(chart version 2026-06).
URL:
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/i-c-stratigraphy/chart/81618a865cdb04998355a302f3e859908a080c0e/chart.ttl
License: CC BY 4.0
License URI: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License text: "This data is copyrighted as follows: (c) International Commission on Stratigraphy,
2026. This data is licensed for use with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license." (the
repository's README.adoc)
Retrieved: 2026-09-30
Adaptations: The eons, eras, periods, sub-periods, epochs and ages ending less than 1000 million
years ago: English names (or the identifier split into words where the data has no English name),
begin and end ages with their uncertainties, colors and parents. No chart image is used.
Accuracy: Ages and uncertainties as the chart data gives them.
Cite: International Chronostratigraphic Chart data, (c) International Commission on Stratigraphy,
2026, CC BY 4.0 (github.com/i-c-stratigraphy/chart at 81618a865cdb). Cite: Cohen K, Harper D,
Gibbard P, Car N. The ICS international chronostratigraphic chart this decade. Episodes
2025;48:105-115. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2025/025001.
Attribution: International Chronostratigraphic Chart data, © International Commission on
Stratigraphy, 2026, licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This
app used the names, ages and colors of the units younger than 1,000 million years.

NATURAL EARTH 1:50M COASTLINE AND POPULATED PLACES
Owner: Natural Earth (naturalearthdata.com)
Source: ne_50m_coastline.geojson (sha256
271f1c4c1908312bac6b29d158ea1356544beafc129f260005300913aa5ea283),
ne_50m_populated_places_simple.geojson (sha256
8e70756b39fae9bcdc1e332bfc510c024c5edd3a13203ffd20092ee37b61d978) and ne_50m_land.geojson (sha256
e874b27a51d146452be360cafb3cc50c86001074a67d534113e6534682f9826b, build-time checks only), version
5.1.2, github.com/nvkelso/natural-earth-vector at commit f1890d9f152c.
URL:
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nvkelso/natural-earth-vector/f1890d9f152c896d250a77557a5751a93d494776/geojson/ne_50m_coastline.geojson
License: public domain
License text: "All versions of Natural Earth raster + vector map data found on this website are in
the public domain. ... No permission is needed to use Natural Earth. Crediting the authors is
unnecessary." (Natural Earth LICENSE.md)
Retrieved: 2026-09-30
Adaptations: Coastlines split into 2121 pieces where they cross a plate outline and given the plate
they lie on; coordinates rounded to 16 bits. The first 300 populated places by scalerank and
population, names with runs of spaces collapsed, each given the plate it lies on.
Accuracy: Made with Natural Earth. Today's coastlines at 1:50 million scale.
Cite: Made with Natural Earth.
Attribution: Made with Natural Earth. Public domain.

THE SUN'S BRIGHTNESS IN THE PAST (A PUBLISHED FORMULA)
Owner: D. O. Gough
Source: Equation (1), p. 28: L(t) = [1 + 2/5 (1 - t/t_sun)]^-1 L_sun for t <= t_sun, with the
Main-Sequence age t_sun "about 4.7 x 10^9 yr" (p. 23). Read from the NASA ADS scan
https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1981SoPh...74...21G (publisher copyright; the formula is
used, no text or figure is copied).
URL: https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1981SoPh...74...21G
License: publisher copyright; the formula is used, no text or figure is copied
Retrieved: 2026-09-30
Adaptations: The app evaluates equation (1) with the Sun's main-sequence age of 4.7 billion years at
each map's age; nothing is stored.
Accuracy: A model of the Sun's slow brightening, not a measurement.
Cite: Gough, D.O., 1981. Solar interior structure and luminosity variations. Solar Physics 74,
21-34, doi:10.1007/BF00151270.
Attribution: Formula from Gough, D.O., 1981. Solar interior structure and luminosity variations.
Solar Physics 74, 21-34, doi:10.1007/BF00151270.


REFERENCES FOR THE TEXT
The period cards, events and pins were written for this app. They quote no text from these works;
each number in them is mapped to one of them in data/story.json. Citations were checked against
Crossref.

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SOFTWARE
No third-party code ships with this app. Fonts: Atkinson Hyperlegible, Copyright 2020 Braille
Institute of America, Inc.; Newsreader, Copyright 2020 The Newsreader Project Authors
(github.com/productiontype/Newsreader). Both under the SIL Open Font License 1.1, whose text is
fonts/OFL.txt, as clause 2 of that license requires. The build pipeline in tools/ runs at build time
only, with pygplates (GPL-2.0), which reconstructs the plate model, and these Python packages: numpy
2.5.3, scipy 1.18.1, pillow 12.3.0, h5py 3.16.0, pyyaml 6.0.3, rdflib 7.6.0, pypdf 6.19.0.
